Notes for learners

• a clan is a group of close knit and interrelated families joined together by surname. by knit we mean joined together, e.g.. the Dlamini  clan, the Mamba clan.
• clan fragmentation is when the clan break or separate into small groups

clan fragmentation can be natural or caused by human activity.
Human  activities could be:

• growth
• population causing overcrowding
• zeal for freedom
• development

natural causes could be:

• scarcity of resources like food, land and water
• wars
• geological processes such as volcanoes

migration also causes clan fragmentation, people migrate to look for jobs as a result they change to a new clan in the new area of employment and leave behind the old clan.